Pumpable ice technology
These trademarks are authorized by industrial ice maker production companies in Australia,[7] Canada,[8][9] China,[10] Germany,[11] Iceland,[12] Israel,[13] Russia,[14] Spain,[15] United Kingdom,[16] and the US.
The safety measures that have to be implemented, the need for the additional step of refrigerant separation, and difficulties in producing crystals are further disadvantages of this method.
[23] Commercial evaporators of the double-pipe type used in the food and fish industries have an inside diameter of interior tube and length in a range of 50–125 mm and 60–300 cm.
For the dewaxing lubrication oil, evaporators are widely used with the following dimensions: internal diameter of the inner tube is 150–300 mm; the length is 600–1,200 cm.
It destroys the liquid laminar layer on the cooled surface of the heat exchanger-crystallizer, increases flow turbulence, and decreases the average viscosity of the pumpable ice.
Different liquids, such as sea water, juice, brines, or glycol solutions of additives with more than 3–5% concentrations and a freezing point less than −2 °C are used in the process.
The practical ratio between the required electric power of the submersible mixer motor (kW) and the "kneaded" pumpable ice volume (m3) is 1:1.
Research and development on overcoming these disadvantages is underway and is expected to lead to the mass production of cheap, reliable and efficient accumulating tanks.
Thus, the evaporator of pumpable ice makers is typically as long as physically possible whilst not exceeding production capabilities.
Properly treating liquid before it enters the pumpable ice maker or the Plate heat exchanger will help to limit the amount of scale build-up, thus reducing cleaning times and preventative maintenance costs.
Improperly sizing the liquid filter system leads to costly early change outs and poor performance.
[citation needed] In this case, a method including freezing and further melting with subsequent separation of the liquid and solid phases is used.
A small number of desalination stations have been built over the last 50 years, but the process has not been a commercial success in the production of freshwater for municipal purposes.
[citation needed] TASTE evaporators are efficient, sanitary, easy to clean, of high capacity, simple to operate, and of relatively low cost.
In modern frozen carbonated beverage devices, there is a conventional refrigeration circuit with a capillary tube or thermostatic expansion valve and, usually, an air condenser.
Frozen carbonated beverage quality depends on many factors, including the concentration, size and structure of the ice crystals.
The Indian government prohibits the addition of ice produced from municipal water to beverages due to the probability of bacteriological contamination.
Initially, frozen carbonated beverages were produced using fruit, vegetable juices, or drinks based on coffee, tea or yogurt.
[31] The eight major ice cream markets in the world are the US, China, Japan, Germany, Italy, Russia, France and UK.
The prepared mixture enters into the industrial double tube scraped crystallizer – heat exchanger, in which the processes of pre-freezing and churning of ice cream are carried out.
The final temperature of the treated mixture into the scraped surface freezer is about −5 °C, with an ice concentration of approximately 30–50%, depending on the formula.
The concentration of the remaining liquid sugar mixture increases due to water removal, hence the freezing point is further lowered.
[34][35][36][37] In comparison with freshwater solid ice, the main advantages are the following: homogeneity, higher cooling rates of food and fish.
Pumpable ice flows like water and eliminates freeze burns and physical damage to the cooled object; it increases food quality enabling a longer shelf life.
[38][39] For this application, pumpable ice is circulated through the already available piping as a coolant, replacing environmentally unfriendly refrigerants like R-22 (Freon) and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC's).
[46] In this case pumpable ice can be injected intra-arterially, intravenously, along the external surfaces of organs using laparoscopy, or even via the endotracheal tube.
It is being confirmed that pumpable ice can selectively cool organs to prevent or limit ischemic damage after a stroke or heart attack.
[47] Benefits of pumpable ice technology in medicinal applications are: Ski resorts have a strong interest in producing snow, even when the ambient temperature is as high as 20 °C.
This snow-making equipment is based on the freezing of water droplets which are sprayed into air before they reach the ground surface, and requires an ambient temperature lower than −4 °C.
The water vapor is continuously evacuated from the VIM, compressed, and fed into a condenser due to the special construction of the centrifugal compressor.
