Pyŏlgigun

It received better treatment than the old Korean Army, whose soldiers' salaries were in arrears on account of the costs of the Byeolgigun.

This led in 1882 to the Imo mutiny, in which Horimoto Reizō was tortured and murdered by disgruntled Korean soldiers.

In May 1881, as part of its plan to modernise the country, the Korean government invited the Japanese military attaché, Lieutenant Horimoto Reizō, to serve as an adviser in creating a modern army.

[2] From 80 to 100 young men of the aristocracy were to be given Japanese military training and make up the newly formed Special Skills Force.

[2] More than 1,000 soldiers had been discharged in the process of overhauling the army; most were either old or disabled and the rest had not been given their pay in rice for thirteen months.