Pyotr Petrovich Kashchenko (Russian: Пётр Петро́вич Ка́щенко; December 28, 1858 (9 January 1859) in Yeysk – February 19, 1920, in Moscow) was a psychiatrist, social and agrarian activist, author of articles on mental health and mental health services from the Russian Empire.

In 1885 he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine Kazan Federal University and received his medical degree.

In 1905 he participated in the revolutionary events in Moscow, helping the wounded during the uprising in Presnya.

Organiser and chairman of the Central Statistical Bureau of the first in Russia to account for mental patients.

1 [ru], where he was the first Chief Physician (1909–1918),[3] and Nizhny Novgorod Regional Psychoneurological Hospital No.