Quantum dimer models were introduced to model the physics of resonating valence bond (RVB) states in lattice spin systems.
The only degrees of freedom retained from the motivating spin systems are the valence bonds, represented as dimers which live on the lattice bonds.
Typical phases of quantum dimer models tend to be valence bond crystals.
However, on non-bipartite lattices, RVB liquid phases possessing topological order and fractionalized spinons also appear.
Classical dimer models have been studied previously in statistical physics, in particular by P. W. Kasteleyn (1961) and M. E. Fisher (1961).