[1] In the United States, it was first implemented by the Federal Government in 1981 with little publicity,[2] and was subsequently outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
[3] Prior to being banned by the federal government, race-norming was practiced by 38 U.S. states' employment services.
[6] Race-norming has been criticized as racist towards black people and has been compared to eugenics and pseudoscientific racism.
[7] In 2021, such criticisms surfaced following an announcement by the National Football League that they will cease to use the practice in determining settlements for players' injuries.
[14] On June 2, 2021, the National Football League (NFL) announced that they would halt the use of race-norming that assumed black NFL players started out with lower cognitive functioning in a $1 billion dollar brain injury settlement.