[1] After graduating from Jesus and Mary College, she began her acting career with her breakthrough role in the television soap opera Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi (2014–2016).

She won a Filmfare OTT Award for the anthology film Ray (2021) and has since received praise for starring in the crime drama series Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo (2023).

[7] While busy in shooting for Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi, Madan also simultaneously participated in Colors TV's dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8 in 2015.

[10][11] Madan quit television to make her feature film debut in Vishal Bhardwaj's drama Pataakha (2018) alongside Sanya Malhotra.

The story was based on the wives of Pathik's brothers, and for preparation, both Madan and Malhotra met the real women for the dialect and the character's nuances.

For the preparation, both Malhotra and Madan stayed in Ronsi village near Jaipur and learned the Rajasthani dialect; they also got accustomed with milking buffaloes, thatching roofs, plastering the walls with dung and walking for long distances while balancing matkas full of water on their head and one around their waist.

[15][16] Raja Sen wrote in his review, "Radhika Madan positively shines in this bossy role, unwavering in dialect and determination.

"[17] In 2019, Madan was cast in Vasan Bala's action comedy Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota with newcomer Abhimanyu Dassani.

[22] Pradeep Menon of Firstpost called her a "delight as Supri" and noted that Madan "manages to make it work by sheer will and talent" despite the character having an "inconsistent treatment".

She made her entry into web series with her performances as Divya Didi in Ray and Avani Rajvansh in Feels Like Ishq, both of which earned critical praise.

She completed shooting for the untitled remake of Tamil film Soorarai Pottru alongside Akshay Kumar and Paresh Rawal, it will be releasing on 1 September 2023.