In mathematics and more specifically in field theory, a radical extension of a field K is an extension of K that is obtained by adjoining a sequence of nth roots of elements.
A simple radical extension is a simple extension F/K generated by a single element
for an element b of K. In characteristic p, we also take an extension by a root of an Artin–Schreier polynomial to be a simple radical extension.
Radical extensions occur naturally when solving polynomial equations in radicals.
In fact a solution in radicals is the expression of the solution as an element of a radical series: a polynomial f over a field K is said to be solvable by radicals if there is a splitting field of f over K contained in a radical extension of K. The Abel–Ruffini theorem states that such a solution by radicals does not exist, in general, for equations of degree at least five.
Évariste Galois showed that an equation is solvable in radicals if and only if its Galois group is solvable.
Let K be a field containing n distinct nth roots of unity.
An extension of K of degree n is a radical extension generated by an nth root of an element of K if and only if it is a Galois extension whose Galois group is a cyclic group of order n.The proof is related to Lagrange resolvents.
be a primitive nth root of unity (belonging to K).
induces a K-automorphism of the extension that generates the Galois group, showing the "only if" implication.
is a K-automorphism generating the Galois group, and
by the K-automorphisms) belongs to K, and is equal to the product of
by the product of the nth roots of unit.
As the product of the nth roots of units is
It follows from this theorem that a Galois extension may be extended to a radical extension if and only if its Galois group is solvable (but there are non-radical Galois extensions whose Galois group is solvable, for example
This is, in modern terminology, the criterion of solvability by radicals that was provided by Galois.
The proof uses the fact that the Galois closure of a simple radical extension of degree n is the extension of it by a primitive nth root of unity, and that the Galois group of the nth roots of unity is cyclic.