Ram Fortress

It is assumed that the city was built on the opposite side from Haram fortress, which was located across the Danube and left no remnants.

West of the fortress are lower (69 m (226 ft) high), marshy areas of the Danube's right bank, including the islands of Čibuklija and Ostrvo.

When the hydroelectrical plant Đerdap I began to fill its reservoir in the late 1960s, due to the backwater of the Danube, the widening grew and flooded surrounding plains.

[9] Today, the habitat is protected by the IUCN Category IV and was declared a Ramsar wetland of international importance on 1 May 2006.

[10] Due to its elevated position on the rock above the major widening of the river, the fortress is described as allowing the view on the "most beautiful Danubian dusk".

It can't be confirmed whether this is a genuine Serbian name as hram in Serbian means "temple", and there are indeed remains of various religious architecture from all different people who lived in the area, or Hram came via folk etymology, and itself was shortened from the Turkish name of the fortress, Ihram (or Ihram Haram).

Based on this, and the description of the Danube's bank in ancient texts which corresponds to the Ram's geography, some scholars suggested that this may be the location where Alexander the Great encountered the Celtic delegation in the 4th century BC.

[12] The location was referenced for the first time during the reign of emperor Trajan, when it was mentioned as a settlement where the cavalry units were stationed.

During the 2010s surveys prior to the reconstruction, the table was discovered, placed by one of the legionnaires of the Roman emperor Claudius.

[12] Folk stories also survived claiming the area was visited by Attila the Hun in the first half of the fifth century.

[8] The earliest record of the Ram Fortress dates back to 1128 AD, when the Byzantines army defeated the Hungarians in the area.

[2] In order to protect the right bank of the Danube Ottoman sultan Bayezid II (1480–1512) revised and strengthened the existing fortress for fighting firearms.

[2][13] It was also built in order to enhance the protection from the Hungarian excursions from the north, provided by the existing Smederevo and Golubac fortresses.

[1] According to the legend, while the sultan was inspecting his troops, he stopped to take a rest on a small hill from which it had an excellent view on the Danube and the Hungarian lands across the river.

He fell asleep on ihram (carpet) and felt rejuvenated when he woke up, so he ordered for the fortress to be built on this spot.

Apart from defensive role against the Hungarians, it also controlled the traffic on the Danube and served as the starting point in Turkish excursions in the northern areas, and the occupation in 1521.

Modern Serbian Orthodox Church, built in 1839, is located on this spot today and the former caravanserai serves as it churchyard.

Ram was the starting point of the first Serbian international delegation during the uprising, headed by prota Mateja Nenadović.

Linguist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, as a young man, worked as a customs officer in Ram for a while.

In order to prevent easy capture of the fortress, the upper floors could be reached only via the each tower's gate or the outer stairs.

[11] Over city's moat lies a bridge which is located at the southeastern tower, and that leads to a space between the fortress and the low walls around it.

Inside the fort, along the western rampart, lies remains a building, with a base of proper octagon, with sides length of 3 m (9.8 ft).

Several edifices from the 16th to the 18th century were discovered, from the period when Ram already wasn't functioning as a military camp anymore.

Some other artifacts point to the cultural function of the fortress, like glass, great number of small stone cannonballs (which were used as weights for the balance scales), and Chinese porcelain.

Ministry of culture plans to adapt the entire village of Ram into the eco-museum while the 15 km (9.3 mi) long access road is under construction in 2019.

[7] Further modernization of the complex includes the dock on the Danube for the cruiser ships and a new, 15 km (9.3 mi) long access road.

[12] Ambitious plans were announced for the future, which include: construction of the motorway which would connect the fortress with the state capital, Belgrade; planting of over 150 flower species around the entire fortress complex, forming a flower belt around it; construction of railings and fences along each staircase; re-building of the bridges which connected the towers, recreating the circular, above-ground path; computerized presentations of the former life in the fortress; reconstruction of caravanserai; reconstruction of the Mysterious Tower.

Interior
Ram Fortress overlooking the Labudovo okno
Ram Fortress during reconstruction