[3] The chapter discusses the concepts of difference (emphasizing its spatial qualities), centers and diasporas, shrines precincts, boundaries, paths, alignments and orientations, and the idea of a periphery and division of land outside the sanctum.

[8] Concepts that follow from planarity include order (which is one of the basic relations between parts of an image, but is also "analogous to the order of the parts of something to which the image refers,"[9] measure and proportion, hierarchy, framing and division, symmetries, oppositions, profiles and frontal figures, harmony, ratio, grids, and maps.

[1] Virtuality concerns the capacity to complete images by seeing three dimensions in two or by perceiving what is absent from what is given.

Virtuality raises the problem of illusion, and effigies, narratives, and doubting or skepticism.

"[10] Summers examines László Moholy-Nagy's Untitled (Looking Down from the Wireless Tower, Berlin) of 1932.