Reinforced rubber

The rubber matrix, with low strength and stiffness, provides air-fluid tightness and supports the reinforcing materials to maintain their relative positions.

A geodesic path connects two arbitrary points on a continuous surface by means of the shortest possible way.

In this situation, the fibres tend to be loaded purely in tension, so ~100% of their strength resists the forces acting on the hose due to the internal pressure.

(The magic angle for cylindrical shapes of 54.7 angular degrees is based on calculations in which the influence of the matrix material is neglected.

The fourth process comprises manual or semi-automated wrapping of rubber sheets reinforced with fabric plies.

The products are manufactured by wrapping (mostly manually) these sheets around a mandrel until enough rubber and reinforcement is applied.

However, the disadvantage of using these sheets is that it is impossible to control the positioning of the individual fibres of the fabric when applied on complex shapes.