Rhyzopertha

The geographical origin of R. dominica is still uncertain, however the scientific community has agreed that the Indian subcontinent is its most probable native home, as the region is inhabited by other bostrichid species.

[4] Currently, R. dominica has a worldwide distribution, especially in warmer temperate climate zones, between latitude 40° North and South from the equator.

[4] The females do not display any courtship behavior such as initiation of mating or attempt to attract male beetles.

[4] When they are around a pheromone source, the beetles walk around with their antennae extended and they actively palpate the abdominal area.

[4] The male walks forward and taps lightly on top of the female's elytra and thorax with his palpi.

[4] Copulation lasts for 2 hours and can occur multiple times in R. dominica, as females require more than one mating to fertilize effectively all the eggs produced during her lifetime.

[4] A reported minor difference is the last ventral abdominal sternite of the female, seen as pale yellow as compared to the uniformly brown males.

[4] These products, which are stored in bulk, are understood to be human created ecosystems with a stable microclimate suited to fit the pest's needs.

[7] Once it reaches adulthood, they have difficulty moving on flat and smooth surfaces, due to reduced friction, and as a result are unable to access food.

[4] Together with the deep movement into the grain mass and the cryptic feeding on the kernels, it can becomes difficult to detect initial R. dominica infestation.

[4] A large amount of frass is also produced from adult feeding activities, containing ovoid granules of undigested endosperm mixed with a finer flour, larvae exuvae, feces, fragments of immature insects, and various by products affecting the overall quality of the grain.

[4] Various predaceous organisms are capable of coexisting with R. dominica, such as mites, bugs, and parasitoids that are also found infesting stored grain.

[4] Close monitoring of the temperature in storage areas is a crucial step of managing, as it can influence the insect population.

Although it is recommended for quality of grains, feasible and effective in reducing insect growth rate, damage from fungi and moisture.

[4] Predation by natural enemies of R. dominica, arthropod species, are insufficient methods of biological control due to their low numbers as compared to fecundity of R.

[4] This in tandem with their deep burrowing feature, which allows them to successfully escape predation and risk, allows for effective R. dominica proliferation.

[4] The fumigant phosphine is key to controlling R. dominica since it targets all insect life stages, is easy to utilize, effective, feasible, and is a residue-free tactic.

[11] Other alternatives such as the use of ozone as a fumigant is also being tested on immature stages, larvae or pupae, which are more prone to being effected as compared to adults.

[12] Aside from the evolution of resistance, the internal feeding technique of R. dominica confers protection from potential insecticides by creating safe spaces and shelter within the grain mass.