[3] During 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt he participated in the defence of Toompea with men from Tartu malev.

[4] In 1993, during Pullapää crisis, he was tasked with creating a new unit based on the Lääne Country Volunteer Jaeger Company.

[6] On 26 February 2007, he was released from the position of Commander of the Military Intelligence Battalion due to a scandal over illegal tracking.

After serving in the Soviet Army, he worked as a telescope mechanic at Tartu Observatory and later as a policeman, during which he joined the Estonian Defence League.

[2] He has participated in the translation of Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence by Abram Shulsky and Gary Schmitt.