In Chapter 1 Kautsky argues that the time for revolution has not yet passed, as some on the Left alleged,[1] most importantly Eduard Bernstein.
[2] Kautsky argued that the revolutionary energy of the bourgeoisie was channeled by Bismarck into a project to throw “a few German princes from their thrones”, overthrow the French Empire and support for Italian unification.
[1] Kautsky continues to point out that in 1904, he predicted that workers would revolt in Russia, joining with the bourgeoisie to establish representative government (in 1905 a revolution led to Tsar to create the Duma, a Parliament).
[3] He proceeded to note and predict a continuation of a political awakening China, India, Egypt, Morocco, Persia and Turkey.
[4] In Chapters IV & V Kautsky argues that Marxism is a historical determinism because the will itself is not free.