Robert Anthony Hatcher (February 24, 1819 – December 4, 1886) was a prominent Missouri politician and Democrat who served in the Confederate States Congress during the American Civil War.

He then spent three terms in the United States House of Representatives after the war during Reconstruction.

Hatcher was born in Buckingham County, Virginia, and later moved to Kentucky, where he was admitted to the bar, before finally settling in Missouri in 1847.

During the Civil War, he represented the state in the Second Confederate Congress in 1864 and 1865.

In the Forty-fifth Congress, he served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures.