Buron represented Mayenne as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1945 to 1958 and was a minister in several French governments during France’s Fourth and early Fifth Republics, including a Minister of Finance from 20 January 1955 to 23 February 1955 and a Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism from 9 June 1958 to 16 May 1962 under Charles de Gaulle.

He married Marie-Louise 'Melle' Trouillard (1910-2006) in July 1938, with whom he had a daughter, Martine Buron (1944-).

Martine Buron was a Member of the European Parliament from 1984 until 1994, representing the Parti Socialiste.

In the last years of his life, Buron served as the mayor of Laval.

[4] In his honor, the Lycée Robert Buron in Laval was named after him.