He spent his early years working as a journalist and studied at the University of Queensland without graduating before moving to New Zealand in 1900.
[1] Once in New Zealand he likewise worked as a journalist and became involved in the local labour movement.
He was a regular contributor to the Maoriland Worker, New Zealand's leading labour journal of the time.
[1] Prior to World War I he was highly active in the Auckland trade unions and was involved in the Waihi miners' strike.
[1] He also sought the Labour nomination for the 1921 by-election in the Auckland East seat, but was beaten by John A.