Robert Tuttle Morris

[1] He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven before studying biology at Cornell University in Ithaca from 1875-1879.

While still in high school in New Haven he planned to attend the biology program organised by Dr. Burt G. Wilder at Cornell.

Thanks to his fine observation skills, he concluded that the boy was stricken with hysteria instead of rabies (which was the most accredited hypothesis).

Then he went up for examination for position on the Bellevue Hospital staff and he eventually got into the Fourth Surgical Division, so he spent a two-year internship there.

But in order to be a good doctor, it is important to develop skills and craftsmanship that only the experiences of specialization could give.

Genito-urinary work was extremely appealing to him, certainly because of his two skilled teachers Dr. Gouley and Dr. Fluhrer, but also the field of neurology and psychiatry was particularly fascinating to him too, because of its speculative sides.

No one of the laity can realize how much time, pains, mistakes, imagination, mental distress, and money have gone into the making of an experienced surgeon.

[5]The practice of surgery offered various cases that certainly increased Morris' skills, which will lead him to his greatest merits in different medical fields.

Made out by a mixture of boroglyceride, glycerine and normal saline solution, it resulted to be antiseptic and hygroscopic, so that it had a tendency to draw serous fluids towards itself.

The consequences of all of its specific characteristics were that when injected into a joint, this fluid resisted absorption longer that an oil could.

[9] Furthermore, he made some attempts at anastomosis of blood vessels and a number of experiments to determine if trypsin, pancreatic acid and pepsin would liquefy, in situ, sloughs and coagula that were difficult to remove from cavities.

[10] In his book Fifty Years a Surgeon, he gives a clear and complete description of hospital conditions at that time before the entrance of antisepsis in the world of surgery as a normal and necessary routine.

[11]So then at some point the Bellevue had to make some changes, due to the fact that Lister theories about the antisepsis had been accepted in the world of medicine.

Morris was one of the main supporter of the new method enounced by Lister, and later on, of the new theories about asepsis, introduced by Dr. Ernst von Bergmann in 1892.

In 1884 Morris was a member of the audience in Berlin when Karl Koller gave his first public demonstration of cocaine as a local anesthetic in eye work.

Inspired by an experiment made by Robert Hugh Dawbarn (who was able to demonstrate that the pus originated in an abdominal infection could not be all removed in the course of the surgical operation, by pouring milk into the abdominal cavity of a cadaver and then trying in vain to get it completely out), he started to operate on appendicitis with a new revolutionary method based upon the reduction of shock for the patient, making small incisions, and omitting pads (used for the purpose of protection) and the excessive drainage.

He also presented it at the International Medical Congress in Budapest in September 1909, and published his idea in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetric for December.

[17] Anyway, his results were not completely appreciated by other surgeons, for the appendicitis cases had at that time a high death rate.

First of all while at the Bellevue Hospital he and Dr. Frase Fuller, a surgeon of another division, had performed the very first cases of wiring of simple fracture of the patella that had been done in the United States, and probably in the world.

In those days this type of operation would be considered non-sense and inappropriate, since the idea of opening an uninfected knee joint was unwise, because it would have certainly lead to a disaster, like an infection.

Dr. Max Schede was indeed the one who decided to carry out this method in a number of different cases, after seeing Morris' demonstration, and he finally published a report upon this plan of procedure in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1886.

[20] and so he published the same year a presentation of his idea of gland grafting, description of technique and a report upon cases.

And in May 1906 he published a great report of the birth of a living child after heteroplastic ovarian grafting in the New York Medical Record.

After this report, he received tons of letters from women who had lost their ovaries and wished to have a gland grafting.