Robert Wilson (November 1803 – May 10, 1870) was a United States senator from Missouri.

Born near Staunton, Virginia, he moved to Howard County, Missouri in 1820 and taught school.

In 1837 he was appointed brigadier general of the State forces and served during the so-called Mormon War.

In 1861, Wilson was a Union delegate to the Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861-63) called to determine the attitude on secession in 1861 and was elected vice president of the convention, later acting as president.

He was appointed as a Unionist to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the expulsion of Waldo P. Johnson and served from January 17, 1862, to November 13, 1863, when a successor was elected.