Rome and Jerusalem: The Last National Question (German: Rom und Jerusalem, die Letzte Nationalitätsfrage) is a book published by Moses Hess in 1862 in Leipzig.
Hess blended secular as well as religious philosophy, Hegelian dialectics, Spinoza's pantheism and Marxism.
Hess used terminology of the day, such as the term "race", but he was an egalitarian who believed in the principles of the French Revolution, and wanted to apply the progressive concepts of his day to the Jewish people.
[1] Written in the form of twelve letters addressed to a woman in her grief at the loss of a relative.
In his work, Hess put forward the following ideas:[2] At the time the book was met with a cold reception, and only in retrospect did it become one of the basic works of Zionism, as it prefigured ideas laid out in Theodor Herzl’s Der Judenstaat by some 35 years.