Rubble masonry

Irregular rubble, or sack, masonry evolved from embankments covered with boards, stones or bricks.

The Sadd el-Khafara dam, in Wadi Al-Garawi near Helwan in Egypt, which is 14 meters high and built in rubble masonry, dates back to 2900–2600 BC[3] The Greeks called the construction technique emplekton[4][5] and made particular use of it in the construction of the defensive walls of their poleis.

The technique continued to be used over the centuries, as evidenced by the constructions of defensive walls and large works during medieval times.

That allows for greater elasticity, as well as providing excellent static and seismic resistance, and preserves the unity between shape and structure typical of buildings with external load-bearing walls.

All the structural elements can be linked to any rubble walls thus created, freeing the internal spaces from excessive constraints.

Section of wall faced with dressed stone ( ashlar ) with rubble masonry fill
The wall at Grave Circle A , Helladic cemetery of Mycenae , Greece, 16th century BCE
Rubble masonry core of the unfinished Alai Minar in the Qutb complex , India, c. 1316 CE