Runic transliteration and transcription

There is a long-standing practice of formatting transliterations in boldface and transcriptions in Italic type, as the two forms of rendering a runic text have to be kept distinct.

[1] By not only showing the original inscription, but also transliterating, transcribing and translating, scholars present the analysis in a way that allows the reader to follow their interpretation of the runes.

Every step has its challenges, but most Younger Futhark inscriptions are quite easy to interpret.

The Elder Futhark inscriptions, however, are much more challenging and they demand a great deal of knowledge in historical linguistics.

Standard works such as Sveriges runinskrifter contain extensive presentations of the ways inscriptions have been interpreted throughout the centuries.