A member of the Liberal Democratic Party, he previously served as the Minister in Charge of Public Safety, Measures for National Land Strengthening and Disaster Management.

In 1993 Japanese general election, he ran for a seat in the House of Representatives for the Fukuoka 4th district to replace his father, but was defeated.

Takeda then served as acting director of the LDP National Defense Division, deputy director of the LDP Agriculture and Forestry Division, Parliamentary Secretary for Defense under Prime Ministers Yasuo Fukuda and Taro Aso, Director of the LDP Public Speeches Division, and Chairman of the Security Committee for the House of Representatives.

[1] In September 2019, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe appointed Takeda as the Chairman of the National Public Safety Commission, and minister in charge of administrative reform, civil service reform, building national resilience, and disaster management.

[3] He was appointed to head the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in September 2020, under newly elected Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga.