He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, and following graduation worked as an assistant at the medical clinic of Karl Ewald Hasse.
In 1866 he was an associate professor, later being appointed director and chief surgeon of the otology clinic at the University of Heidelberg.
Moos is credited with being the first physician to point out that in certain infectious diseases, micro-organisms within the labyrinth negatively affect hearing and equilibrium.
In 1878 the ophthalmological and otological departments separated into independent entities, with Moos being editor of the Zeitschrift für Ohrenheilkunde until his death in 1895.
Among his better known written works was a translation of Joseph Toynbee's "Diseases of the Ear" as Lehrbuch der Ohrenkrankheiten (1863).