[3] During the 1930s and World War II, he acted in productions by Gualtiero Tumiati, Sergio Tofano, Anton Giulio Bragaglia and others.

[3] After the war, he appeared in stage productions by Luchino Visconti,[1] Giorgio Strehler, Guido Salvini and Luigi Squarzina,[3] becoming one of Italy's most noted stage thespians.

[2] His most productive period was in the 1950s and 1960s, appearing on stage, in films, on television and on the radio.

[3] He worked with film directors such as Federico Fellini, Francesco Rosi, Valerio Zurlini, Luigi Zampa and Carlo Lizzani, but is most noted for his collaborations with Elio Petri, appearing in almost all of the director's films between The Assassin (1961) and Property Is No Longer a Theft (1973).

[3] Due to the financial hardship he found himself in during his final years, he was granted a lifetime allowance on the basis of the Bacchelli law which supported well-known citizens in need who had contributed to the fields of science, literature, arts, economics, work and sport.