[3][4][5] After graduation, Aronson worked at the Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies as a research associate until 1972.

He later joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and was on the faculty until 1977 before joining the accelerator department of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) as associate physicist.

[4] In 1991, Aronson became director of the PHENIX detector project, overseeing the construction of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.

[4] In 2013, Aronson became director of the RIKEN BNL Research Center.

[1][6] Aronson was named senior scientist emeritus of the BNL in 2017.