Samuel Willoughby (August 20, 1730 – between 1776 and 1790) was a physician and political figure in Nova Scotia.
He was born in New London, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Willoughby and Thankful Bliss.
He received a land grant in Cornwallis, where he is believed to have set up practice.
Willoughby is thought to have been the first physician in King's County after the expulsion of the Acadians.
He was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Cornwallis Township in 1761.