In 1908, she was arrested in Munich in connection with a case involving a robbery in Tiflis, during which she tried to exchange banknotes stolen during the heist.
She returned to Russia in 1917 in a sealed train along with Lenin, Zinoviev, and his second wife, Zlata Ionovna Lilina, and their son Stefan.
In 1917, she was a member of the Petrograd Committee of the RSDLP(b) (Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)).
[2] She wrote memoirs titled Beyond the Threshold of Life as well as articles on the philosophical and political views of Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Vsevolod Garshin, and others.
She was subsequently arrested again in 1937, 1946, and 1951, and was only released in 1954 following a decision by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR, which lifted her criminal record but did not fully rehabilitate her in court.