After the Civil War, universities began to include instruction in pedagogy, competing with normal schools in the preparation of teachers.
Teachers College, Columbia University is the oldest graduate school of education in the United States, founded in 1887.
Pedagogy and psychology, which previously were considered to be subsets of philosophy, gained status of legitimate collegiate academic disciplines thanks to William James and John Dewey.
Schools of education also offer teacher certification or licensure programs to undergraduate students.
[10] Lyell Asher blames the surge of residential life "curricula" on the selfish motives of the ed schools' administrators to present themselves not as resident advisers but as residence-hall "educators".
[11] Mr. Hirsch warns that it is "never a healthy circumstance when people who are held in low esteem exercise dominant influence in an important sphere.