Discovery is made by providing observational evidence and attempts to develop an initial, rough understanding of some phenomenon.
Within the field of particle physics, there is an accepted requirement for defining a discovery: a five-sigma level of certainty.
The combination of a five-sigma level of certainty, and independent confirmation by other experiments, turn findings into accepted discoveries.
These observations can be informal or formal, and often involve the use of checklists, anecdotal notes, videos, interviews, written work, assessments, etc.
With an educational system, government officials set different academic standards that teachers are expected to follow as a guideline for developmentally appropriate instruction.
Informed by findings emerging from the use of this tool, "over 150 research studies prove that students in classrooms with high-CLASS scores have better academic and social outcomes.
"[3][4] This tool focuses on encouraging positive classroom environments, regard for students' perspectives, behavior management skills, quality of feedback, and language modeling.