Semipermeable membrane

[2] The plasma membrane is very specific in its permeability, meaning it carefully controls which substances enter and leave the cell.

[8] Artificial semipermeable membranes see wide usage in research and the medical field.

Artificial lipid membranes can easily be manipulated and experimented upon to study biological phenomenon.

[11] The bulk flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane because of an osmotic pressure difference is called osmosis.

Sidney Loeb and Srinivasa Sourirajan invented the first practical synthetic semi-permeable membrane.

[12] Membranes used in reverse osmosis are, in general, made out of polyamide, chosen primarily for its permeability to water and relative impermeability to various dissolved impurities including salt ions and other small molecules that cannot be filtered.

Discarded RO membrane modules are currently classified worldwide as inert solid waste and are often disposed of in landfills, with limited reuse.

Sodium Hypochlorite is the most efficient oxidizing agent in light of permeability and salt rejection solution.Dialysis tubing is used in hemodialysis to purify blood in the case of kidney failure.

The tubing uses a semipermeable membrane to remove waste before returning the purified blood to the patient.

[15] Differences in the semipermeable membrane, such as size of pores, change the rate and identity of removed molecules.

Schematic of semipermeable membrane during hemodialysis , where blood is red, dialysing fluid is blue, and the membrane is yellow.
Salt outside of the cell creates osmotic pressure that pushes water through the phospholipid bilayer
Dialysis tubing allows waste molecules to be selectively removed from blood.