Shadow work

It includes assembling of goods that come "in pieces", self-checkout at super markets, and self-service at gas stations.

[citation needed] This contrasts with unpaid labor done for self subsistence or to give to others, encompassing all tasks individuals do without compensation, such as building a house, writing and publishing free computer programs or care work.

[citation needed] The term 'shadow work' was coined by Ivan Illich, in his 1980 article [2] and in his 1981 book[3] of the same title.

In it, he itemizes many of the unpaid tasks ordinary people do now that others used to do, such as pumping gasoline, bagging groceries, making travel arrangements, and checking in baggage at airports.

He argues that shifting tasks to consumers takes away from their time and reduces the amount of casual social interaction in people's lives.