[1] They may include a number of diagonal words and letters used in combinations facing upwards and downwards on the folio.

Siyah mashq was originally just a practice for the calligrapher to warm up his hand and to refine the shape of letters by repeating them over and over.

Words and letters are repeated regardless of meaning, all for the sake of composition and style.

As an established genre, practice sheets abide to certain rules of formal compositions, largely guided by rhythm and repetition.

1600, they seem to have been a particularly popular genre during the second half of the 19th century, i.e., during the artistic revival spearheaded by the Qajar ruler Nasir al-Din Shah, who reigned from 1848 to 1896.