Beam axle

In most automobiles, beam axles have been replaced with front (IFS) and rear independent suspensions (IRS).

While typically used in vehicles with Hotchkiss drive, this suspension system can also be used with other types of power transmission.

[4] A larger/thicker axle is stronger, but also comes with increased cost, unsprung weight, and more compatibility issues (drivetrain, suspension, steering geometries, body mount locations, clearances) on smaller vehicles.

[5] eAxle or E-axle is a solid axle with electric motors attached to the differential, either end, or elsewhere.

Inverters, power electronics, gearboxes, transfer cases (including low-range gearing), and transmissions may also be attached to the motors and/or axle.

Diagonal Panhard rod bolted to a black rectangular profile beam axle on a front-wheel-drive 2002 Mazda MPV . This is an example of a "dead axle". A "live axle" not only connects two wheels, but also drives them.
Solid axle suspension characteristics: Camber change on bumps, none on rebound, large unsprung weight
A live axle in a Jeep. This is the front suspension, using coil springs.