Originally part of Chosan, it was established as a separate county in 1949, when Chagang province was created.

The highest peaks are in the north; the tallest is Koambong, 1,744 m above sea level.

The climate is continental but relatively wet; the frost begins in early October and lifts in late April.

Livestock, particularly cattle, are also raised, and crops including maize and rice are grown.

Songwŏn County is divided into 1 ŭp (town) and 12 ri (villages):