[8][9][10] The Chuar Rebellion (1766-1834) and the Kol Mutiny (1831-1832) were significant uprisings by tribal communities against the British East India Company's oppressive policies.

The rebellion spread across Midnapore, Bishnupur, and Manbhum, prompting the British to reorganize the area and impose stricter control by establishing the Jungle Mahals district.

[14][15] In response, the British created the South-West Frontier Agency to bring stability to the region and prevent further unrest, a strategy that sought to strengthen administrative control.

[8] The agency had three divisions: Manbhum, comprising parts of the Jungle Mahals and Dhalbhum; Lohardaga, which included the Chota Nagpur Zamindari and its dependent parganas; and Hazaribagh, covering Ramgarh, Kharakdiha, and other estates.

Measures were taken to curb exploitation by moneylenders and land speculators, while annual tours by officials and summary trials for tribal cases were mandated.

By 1837, the Mankis and Mundas surrendered and made a treaty with Wilkinson, resulting in the formation of the "Kolhan Separate Estate," including Ho-dominated villages from Mayurbhanj, Porahat, Seraikela, and Kharsawan.