Soviet Railways (Russian: Советские железные дороги (СЖД)) was the state owned national railway system of the Soviet Union, headquartered in Moscow.

The railway started operations in December 1922, shortly after the formation of the Soviet Union.

It operated until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Soviet Railways split into fifteen different national railways belonging to the respective countries.

Newly-independent countries following the breakup, such as those in Central Asia, inherited the Soviet infrastructure.