The Soviet Union (USSR) competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

317 competitors, 254 men and 63 women, took part in 154 events in 19 sports.

The Soviet Union had 84 participants (61 men and 23 women) in 36 athletics events in 1964.

20 fencers, 15 men and 5 women, represented the Soviet Union in 1964.

The Soviet Union had 26 male rowers participate in seven rowing events in 1964.