oleum) oil escritório, gabinete, atelier, agência, cartório, bureau/birô, departamento, workshop, oficina de reparação automóvel, garagem auto-mecânica (< Lat.
prenhendere; companio; societas; nec otium) business, firm, company, corporation, enterprise, venture, establishment, group, house jamón (< Fr.
Examples include the following: Spanish also has bife (only used in Argentina and other Latin American countries) Vocabulary differences between the two languages arose from various factors.
[113] Arabic is the source of a few personal given names and numerous derivative surnames and place names in Spain, including the following: Almudena,[114] Azucena,[115] Guadalupe,[116] Mohamed,[117] Soraya,[118] Zulema,[119] Abenamir, Abengoa, Avengoa, Abenójar, Alcalá,[120] Almuzara, Acebrón, Aceituno, Aceitón, Aguera,[121] Aguiló, Alamar, Alamino, Alanzor, Albarral, Albarrán, Albo, Alborán, Albaicín, Alcantud, Alcazar,[122] Alcudia, Alguacil, Allobar, Almaguer, Almandós, Almandoz, Almería, Almodóvar, Almoravit, Ambasil, Andujar, Aranda, Ayas, Aias, Benayas, Bardaxí, Benajara, Benameji,[123] Benasar, Bennásar, Benavides, Bendala, Bujalance,[68] Calatayud, Ceuta, Cid, Córdoba, Dris, Faulí, Gálvez, Godesteiz, Granada, Guadalupe,[124] Gudiel, Hispán, Yllán, Illán, Illanes, Iznajar,[68] Jaén, Madrid, Manzaneque,[125] Mezquita, Mezquitas, Mudarra, Palomoque, Trujillo, Zanata, Zaratan, Zarate,[126] Zaratin, Zegrí, Cegrí, Zorita.
Literary Spanish has also three corresponding third person pronouns, él 'he', ella 'she', and ello 'it' (referring to a broad concept, not a named object), while Portuguese has only ele, masculine, and ela, feminine.
For example, Spanish el viaje 'the journey' (masculine, like French le voyage and Italian il viaggio) corresponds to the Portuguese feminine a viagem.
On the other hand, the Spanish feminine la leche 'the milk' corresponds to Portuguese o leite (masculine, like French le lait, Italian il latte).
More conservative in this regard is the fluminense dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (spoken in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and in the Zona da Mata of the state of Minas Gerais) – especially its carioca sociolect.
In these areas, the verb with tu is conjugated in the third-person form (as with você) – except among educated speakers in some urban centers such as Porto Alegre and, especially, Belém.
The main difference between Spanish and Portuguese is in the interpretation of the concept of state versus essence and in the generalizations one way or another that are made in certain constructions.
The Spanish sentence using the reflexive form of the verb (quedarse) implies that staying inside the house was voluntary, while Portuguese and English are quite ambiguous on this matter without any additional context.
Although there is a strong tendency to use a verb phrase instead in the spoken language, like in Spanish and English (havia cantado), the simple tense is still frequent in literature.
Portuguese, uniquely among the major Romance languages, has acquired a "personal infinitive", which can be used as an alternative to a subordinate clause with a finite verb in the subjunctive.
In the preterite tense, a number of irregular verbs in Portuguese change the stem vowel to indicate differences between first and third person singular: fiz 'I did' vs. fez 'he did', pude 'I could' vs. pôde 'he could', fui 'I was' vs. foi 'he was', tive 'I had' vs. teve 'he had', etc.
In all other cases in Spanish, the stem vowel has been regularized throughout the conjugation and a new third-person ending -o adopted: hice 'I did' vs. hizo 'he did', pude 'I could' vs. pudo 'he could', etc.
Portuguese drops -e in "irregular" third-person singular present indicative forms after ⟨z⟩ and ⟨r⟩, according to phonological rules: faz 'he does', diz 'he says', quer 'he wants', etc.
This kind of contraction is much more extensive in Portuguese, involving the prepositions a ('to'), de ('of, from'), em ('in'), and por ('for') with articles and demonstratives regardless of number or gender.
[135] All four of these prepositions join with the definite article, as shown in the following table: 1These Portuguese contractions include some potential "false friends" for the reader of Spanish, such as no (Port.
The Spanish con ('with', com in Portuguese) combines with the prepositional pronouns mí, ti, and sí to form conmigo, contigo, consigo ('with me', 'with you', 'with him-/herself ').
Although the letters k, w, and y are now included in the Portuguese alphabet, according to the current orthographic rules they should only be used in proper names (foreign or invented) and their derivatives with suffixes (kantiano, darwinismo, byroniano, etc.
On the other hand, in Portuguese, a person reading aloud lengthy sentences from an unfamiliar text may have to scan ahead to check if what at first appears to be a statement, is actually a question.
Thus, nós [ˈnɔs] or [ˈnɔʃ] 'we' vs nos [nus] or [nuʃ] 'us', avô [aˈvo] 'grandfather' vs avó [aˈvɔ] 'grandmother', se [si] or [sɨ] 'itself, himself, herself' reflexive pronoun vs sé [ˈsɛ] 'seat, headquarters' vs sê [ˈse] 'to be' 2nd person imperative.
In Lisbon and surrounding areas, stressed /e/ is pronounced [ɐ] or [ɐj] when it comes before an alveolo-palatal /ʎ/, /ɲ/, [ɕ], [ʑ] or palato-alveolar /ʃ/, /ʒ/ consonants followed by another vowel.
clāmāre → S. llamar, P. chamar plumbum → S. plomo, P. chumbo flammam → S. llama, P. chama plēnum → S. lleno, P. cheio (also pleno) 'to call' 'lead' (metal) 'flame' 'full' multum → S. mucho, P. muito noctem → S. noche, P. noite pectum → S. pecho, P. peito 'much' 'night' 'chest' fābulāre → S. hablar, P. falar fīlium → S. hijo, P. filho focum → S. fuego, P. fogo 'to speak' 'son' 'fire' iam → S. ya, P. já iacere → S. yacer, P. jazer (both archaic) 'already' 'to lie, as in a grave' caelum → S. cielo, P. céu (arch.
ceo) volāre → S. volar, P. voar 'sky' 'to fly' oculum → S. ojo, P. olho fīlium → S. hijo, P. filho 'eye' 'son' castellum → S. castillo, P. castelo 'castle' generālem → S. general, P. geral tenēre → S. tener, P. ter 'general' (adj.)
'to have' 'vine' annum → S. año, P. ano cannam → S. caña, P. cana 'year' 'reed' *reconstructed Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, possibly due to a Basque substratum) was the loss of Latin initial f- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize.
The tables above represent only general trends with many exceptions, due to: Portuguese has tended to eliminate hiatuses that were preserved in Spanish, merging similar consecutive vowels into one (often after the above-mentioned loss of intervocalic -l- and -n-).
In the Middle Ages, both had a rich system of seven sibilants – paired according to affrication and voicing: /s/, /ts/, /z/, /dz/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /dʒ/ (the latter probably in free variation with /ʒ/, as still happens today in Ladino) – and spelled virtually the same in Spanish and Portuguese.
After the Renaissance, the two languages reduced their inventory of sibilants, but in different ways: Since no distinction is made anymore between the pronunciation of ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, Spanish spelling has been reformed according to Classical Latin.
In Portuguese, the spelling of these letters is based on pronunciation, which occurred after the Vulgar Latin merger of ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ in intervocalic position and is similar to modern Italian.