Spectrolebias is a genus of killifish in the family Rivulidae.

[2][3][4] Each species generally has a small distribution and some are seriously threatened by habitat loss; the entire known range of S. reticulatus is in the area flooded by the Belo Monte Dam.

[5] They are small fish, up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in total length.

[6] As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.

[7][8][9] Although this split is generally accepted, a genetic study indicates that Spectrolebias is not monophyletic.