They occur in algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.
Most spores germinate by first producing a germ-rhizoid or holdfast followed by a germ tube emerging from the opposite end.
The germ tube develops into the hypha, protonema or thallus of the gametophyte.
In seedless vascular plants such as ferns and lycopodiophyta, the term "sporeling" refers to the young sporophyte growing on the gametophyte.
Young fern sporelings can often be found with the prothallus gametophyte still attached at the base of their fronds.