It is at the southern edge of the Lincoln Cliff in South Kesteven, and 10 miles (16 km) north from Grantham.

The construction was probably sponsored by the niece of Edward II, Lady Elizabeth de Burgh who held the local lordship.

[8] By 1855 the glebe acreage and modus had slightly increased, the incumbent being Rev'd Charles Daniel Crofts, BA, formerly of St John's College, Cambridge, rector until 1893.

Between 1898 and 1938 the living, sponsored by Sir Edward Hussey Packe KBE, DL, JP, was held by Rev’d Frederick Markland Percy Sheriffs BA, formerly of Trinity College, Dublin, who was also the rural dean of Loveden.

[6][9][10] On 30 December 1859 lightning struck the church spire causing the upper portion to fall through the roofs of the chancel and transepts.

[13] Above and around the west arch of the transept crossing within the nave was previously the remains of ‘Doom’ mural paintings which included the Last Judgment and the Archangel Michael weighing souls.

The paintings, damaged by weather during the 1859 lightning strike, were whitewashed over in the 1960s as restoration would have proved too expensive—only traces are visible, although the murals are capable of future recovery.

An 1855 report described the paintings: "extending across the upper part of the west end of the nave is a beautiful fresco of the Last Judgment."

[15][25] In 2011 and 2012 the Band of the RAF Regiment Brass Ensemble gave concerts of jazz and military music within the church.

[26] St Vincent’s is a church of chiefly limestone rubble and ironstone fabrication, with ashlar details, and slate roofs.

[1][9][12][13] The tower sits centrally at a crossing between the nave and chancel (west and east), and north and south stub transepts, and, with its crocketed spire, reaches a total height of 156 feet (47.5 m).

The parapet above the belfry is a curvilinear open structure topped by a straight rail, and joins, at each corner, crocketed pinnacles attached to the spire by slender flying buttresses.

The belfry stage is supported by two buttresses at each corner, and contains two clocks, one each on the south and west face, and a window on each side, each of two lancet lights topped with simple traceried openings, and edged by a hood mould arch—moulded arch projections against the wall—ornamented with label stops.

[1][12] The nave, as with the chancel and north aisle, shows a banding construction from the ground to eaves in alternate courses of ironstone and ashlar.

The south stub transept window is Early English, incorporating four lancet lights with three quatrefoil rosettes above.

[1][12][13][27] The major architectural feature of St Vincent’s is its nave, with Pevsner reporting the building as "one of the rare two-naved churches;" it being one of only four such in England.

[9][28] A two-and-a-half-bay arcade supported by three octagonal piers runs through the centre of the nave and rises to the roof ridge.

The unadorned "chalice shaped" Decorated hexagonal baptismal font is, according to Caythorpe Parish Council, 600 years old, but according to English Heritage is 19th-century.

To the south of the west crossing arch at the east of the nave, above and behind the Sir Charles Hussey monument, is a blocked entrance for a previous rood screen loft, indicated by an ogee head moulding.

Blocked rood loft access openings also exist at both east and west sides of the south transept.

This, and the north stained glass window are memorials to the Rev’d Charles Daniel Crofts, rector from 1847 to 1893, and his wife.

[1][6][15] Church plate comprises a 1732 paten and flagon by Thomas Tearle, and a 1569 silver chalice by John Morley, with a 1675 cover.

Sir Edward’s, to the north of the crossing arch, comprises a plaque inscription between pilasters on which is set a pediment broken into three sections topped with an urn on each side.

A split garland above the plaque leads to a putto head beneath the central section of the pediment, upon which is a painted coat of arms surrounded by scrolled relief decoration.

[15] A chancel memorial—in the shape of a tombstone, with putto head, scrolling, and foliate devices below a pediment—is that to Edmund Weaver of Frieston (1683–1748), the astronomer, local land surveyor, and author of The British Telescope ephemerides.

A further plaque describes the dedication of the north aisle to "the memory of the men of the First Airborne Divisional Signals who were billeted in the Parish and neighbourhood before flying to Holland [sic] in their valiant attempt to establish a bridgehead over the River Rhine at Arnhem.

A gabled lantern was added in 1906 in 14th-century style, with Pevsner describing the cross as "with a square base with scooped-out top corners and part of the shaft."