Situated on the Gutenbergplatz,[1] the complex comprises two theatres which are connected by an underground passage and also by skywalk.

The theatre's great hall (Großes Haus) was destroyed by bombing during World War II.

In 1898–99, renovations were carried out by Ferdinand Fellner & Hermann Helmer, which involved creation of additional storage space, alterations to the roof, fixing an iron curtain, and improvements to the heating system.

[2] In 1910–1912, substantial improvements were again carried out by Adolf Gelius such as increasing the foyer space, building an additional floor, modernizing the stage and changes to the auditorium.

In 1950–51, it was rebuilt to the architectural plans of Richard Jörg with the reopening on 24 November 1951 marked by a ballet performance.

[2] The Kleines Haus (small hall), with a capacity of 500 seats, was built in 1997 by Klaus Möbius and inaugurated on 17 November 1997.

The renovated theatre was opened to the public on 15 September 2001 with a presentation of Handel's oratorio Saul.

Annually, about 500 performances of opera, drama and ballet are held here with international audiences also participating.

[2] The Hochschule für Musik Mainz of the Johannes Gutenberg Universität and the Peter Cornelius Conservatory are collaborating with the Staatstheater to develop "Kleine Zauberflöte" as an ensemble for the young to perform at the theatre to gain experience.