Stem cell fat grafting

While the use of embryonic stem cells was reconsidered for ethical reasons, ADSCs were noticed by plastic surgeons for their characteristics such as pluripotent differentiation potential, paracrine activities, immunomodulatory functions, and homing effect.

The rising investment in stem cell cosmetic therapy reflects high expectation and demands, especially in South Korea.

The remaining oncological concern of iPSCs was eased by suggesting adult stem cells as the most primary resource of regenerative medicine.

The lipoaspirate was centrifuged to separate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), including ADSCs, from blood, tissue, fluid, and lipids,[3] though the fat cell retention rate varied from 30% to 95%.

[6] Fang et al. proposed that ADSCs are the most widely used due to their pluripotent differentiation potentials, paracrine activity and immunomodulatory function.

During the rolling, ADSCs migrate and interacts with vascular endothelial cells in bone marrow in shear-resistant and low-affinity manners.

As ADSCs adhere to bone marrow endothelium, MSCs express several different molecules that increase the adhesion such as CD44 isoforms and integrins.

As ADSCs transmigrate through vessels in bone marrow, interaction and signaling between stromal-derived chemokine factor -1 (SDF-1) and receptor CXCR4 is the most crucial process.

Through liposuction, the fat sample is digested by enzymatic activities of collagenase or trypsin in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle's medium (DMEM).

The cell pallet left after centrifugation is the SVF, which is seeded on the plate after the second suspension with bovine calf serum, 1% penicillin or streptomycin, and L-glutamine.

[14] Around 1.5 million women have breast implant surgeries per year,[15] but the side effects can be severe and cause irreversible damage to the patient's body.

[17] The homing effect may have advantages in increasing the long-term survival of transferred fat, but concerns remain for patients with post-oncologic history, specifically breast cancer.

It is more alarming since breast tumors are closely located with adipose tissue, as they develop a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression through homing and migration.

CartistemTM, Inc. Medipost published successfully developed stem cell-based degenerative knee cartilage therapy and has achieved more than 10 billion sales since 2017.

[22] Behind the large stem cell cosmetic therapy market size of South Korea, non-specialists practice without a license in some clinics.