The fastener can take different forms, but typically fall under threaded, unthreaded, or tapped.
Welding aluminium, for example, would usually require direct-current electrode positive (DCEP).
Welding steel would require direct-current electrode negative (DCEN).
[1] Stud welding uses a flux tip and a ferrule, a ceramic ring which concentrates the heat, prevents oxidation and retains the molten metal in the weld zone.
Capacitor discharge weld studs range from 14 gauge to 3/8" diameter.
CNC stud welding machines can increase the speed and accuracy of manufacturing and construction work.
Stud welding is versatile; typical applications include automobile bodies, electrical panels, shipbuilding and building construction.
Other manufacturing industries can also use stud welding for a variety of purposes, from electrical and mechanical to decorative and consumer products.