Studies in the Philosophy of Marxism (Russian: Очерки по философии марксизма) was an account of a seminar held by Vladimir Bazarov, Alexander Bogdanov, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Jakov Berman, Osip Gelfond, Pavel Yushkevich and Sergey Suvorov published in St Petersburg in 1908.
[2] Yushkevich argued that human cognition was the “inseparable connection of the real and the ideal, the given and the created, the factual and the symbolical".
Like Bogdanov, he viewed the meaning of a concept as lying not in perceived objects, but in human experience.
He argued that sensual data do not exist in isolation, but rather their mutual dependency provides a context for their relations and connections with one another.
Thus the scientific process of cognition emerges from transition from simpler to more complex and abstract empiriosymbols, i.e. from symbol-copies to symbols as conventional signs.