The parish dates back to the Medieval era while the current building was completed in 1955, eleven years after it was mostly destroyed by Allied air raids in 1944.

The fortunes of the Cathedral has largely been determined by the religion of the House of Württemberg, who ruled the area which comprises the present-day state Baden-Württemberg, of which Stuttgart is the capital.

Stuttgart became Catholic again after the Holy Roman Empire and its allies triumphed over the Protestant forces in the Battle of Nördlingen.

These restrictions began to be relaxed as the now Kingdom of Württemberg became secularised (see German mediatization), although Protestantism remained the dominant and de facto state religion.

During Nazi rule, theologian Helmut Thielicke was based at Stuttgart and gave lectures and sermons at the cathedral.

[...] ...and I stood there holding in my hand a key to a door that no longer existed..."[3] From 1948 to 1955, parishioners worshiped at a repaired section of the Kunstgebäude Stuttgart (English: Arts Building) (de) on the Schlossplatz while the church was being rebuilt.