Different groups of civil movements and individual people Forces of Freedom and Change consisting of: Sudan Non-centralized leadership December 2018 – April 2019 Omar al-BashirPresident of Sudan Mohamed Tahir AyalaPrime Minister Motazz MoussaPrime Minister Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti)Head of the Rapid Support Forces Ahmed Awad Ibn AufSudanese Minister of Defense Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh)Head of National Intelligence and Security Service April 2019 – August 2019 Ahmed Awad Ibn AufChairman of the Transitional Military Council (11–12 April) Abdel Fattah al-BurhanChairman of the Transitional Military Council (12 April – 21 August), Chairman of the Sovereignty Council (21 August–present) The Sudanese revolution (Arabic: الثورة السودانية, romanized: al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah) was a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018[27][28] and continued with sustained civil disobedience for about eight months, during which the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed President Omar al-Bashir on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June Khartoum massacre took place under the leadership of the Transitional Military Council (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019[29] the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.

[30] On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to rising costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society.

[11] Opposition groups responded to the massacre and post-massacre arrests by carrying out a 3-day general strike from 9–11 June[42] and calling for sustained civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance until the TMC transfers power to a civilian government.

[46] The TMC and FFC announced that they would share power to run Sudan via executive and legislative institutions and a judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the Khartoum massacre, until elections occur in mid-2022.

[57] Since the Bashir regime gained control of the country in 1989, the opposition had been very fierce from all political parties, due to the oppressive "Islamist" policies and heinous human rights violations.

Multiple failed coup attempts, protests, and strikes had been dealt with extremely harshly, and key opposition members such as Sadiq al-Mahdi, Amin Mekki Medani, and Farouk Abu Issa were even arrested and expelled from the country.

[67] Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated, after taking power in August 2019, that "The revolution's deep-rooted slogan, 'freedom, peace and justice,' will form the program of the transitional period.

[80][81][82] The 2018–2019 wave of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in Atbara, then quickly spread to Port Sudan, Dongola and the capital Khartoum.

[87] Darfuri students in Sennar and Khartoum were arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the Sudan Liberation Movement in an effort to create a narrative that the protests were race-based.

In the worst of these instances, a crackdown on protestors in the capital city of Khartoum on June 3 resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, some of whose remains were dumped into the River Nile.

[98][99] A "senior military source" told Middle East Eye that Salah Gosh, head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with Yossi Cohen at the Munich Security Conference as evidence (15–17 February).

"[35][110] On Sunday, Social media were blocked and the power was cut all over Sudan as the protestors began a sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum which continued throughout the week.

[112] Also on Monday, Alaa Salah, a young woman dressed as a kandake, became a symbol of the movement when a photo of her leading the protestors in a chant while standing on top of a car went viral.

[118] On the evening of 12 April, the head of the Transitional Military Council in Sudan, Awad Ibn Auf, announced his resignation following intense protests.

[123] The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and that Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa had been named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS).

[124] On 15 April, military council spokesman Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government," despite not being barred from future elections.

[125][126] The same day, prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organised attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in.

[129][130] The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun, the former head of the ruling party, will be charged with corruption and the death of protesters.

[136][71] On 20 April, an anonymous judicial source said that officials had found suitcases full of Euros, US dollars, and Sudanese Pounds in al-Bashir's home (totalling around $6.7 million).

[137] On 21 April, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan called the transitional military council "complementary to the uprising and the revolution" and promised that it was "committed to handing over power to the people.

[138] The governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $3 billion in aid to the military authorities,[139] which protestors called upon the council to reject, with some even suggesting severing diplomatic ties with both historical allies.

[142] On Saturday 27 April, an agreement was reached to form a transitional council made up jointly of civilians and military, though the exact details of the power-sharing arrangement were not yet agreed upon, as both sides wanted to have a majority.

[147][146] Tensions continued to rise and on 3 June 2019, 118 people were killed,[40] 70 were raped[41] and hundreds were injured in the Khartoum massacre as a result of Sudanese armed forces storming a camp and opening fire on protesters.

[90] The following day, the Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) called for "complete civil disobedience" to close down streets and bridges and "open political strike" in all workplaces in Sudan, using the techniques of nonviolent resistance against the TMC.

[44] On 12 June, the FFC prepared a list of eight civilian members for a 15-member transitional governmental council, including three women, in addition to Abdalla Hamdok,[151] who was Deputy Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa from 2011 to October 2018,[152][153] as prime minister.

[14] On 27 July, while negotiations on the constitutional declaration continued, the head of a committee appointed by the TMC to investigate the Khartoum massacre, Fathelrahman Saeed, stated that 87 people had been killed, 168 injured, no rapes had occurred and no tents had been burnt.

[161] On 29 July the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) shot live ammunition at students in El-Obeid protesting about "the stoppage of public transport due to fuel shortages, drinking water outages, increasing commodity prices, and the unavailability of bread".

[49] Channel 4 reporter Yousra Elbagir criticised the beginning steps of the transition procedures, stating, "For the [first] tangible political progress of decades to exclude women is ridiculous.

[171] Small scale protests occurred during the transition period, on issues that included the nomination of a new Chief Justice of Sudan and Attorney-General,[50] killings of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF),[51][52] the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan,[53] protests against a state governor in el-Gadarif and against show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association (SPA) coordinators,[54] and for officials of the previous government to be dismissed in Red Sea and White Nile.

[193] On 9 March, a blast went off close to the convoy of the prime minister of Sudan Abdalla Hamdok, but he escaped unharmed from what was seen as an obvious assassination attempt, according to The Guardian.