Marveaux was born in Vannes, located on the west coast of the Brittany region, and began his career at local club AS Ménimur at age six.

In his first year at Vannes, Marveaux was selected to attend the Pôle Espoirs Football de Ploufragan, a smaller regional version of the Clairefontaine academy.

Marveaux also trained alongside future Rennes teammates Yoann Gourcuff, Virgile Reset and William Stanger while attending Ploufragan.

[5] Despite starting his first professional match, he was relegated to appearing as a substitute for the majority of the season by manager Guy Lacombe.

[6] Two weeks later, he scored an extra time goal in the Coupe de la Ligue against Lille after appearing as a second-half substitute.

Marveaux began the 2007–08 season alternating between the bench and the first 11 as the player struggled to adapt to new manager Guy Lacombe.

Marveaux scored his only goal of the season against Bulgarian club Lokomotiv Sofia in the first round of the UEFA Cup.

His transition to Lacombe was further hampered during the 2008–09 season when, while playing with the France under-21 team, he suffered a torn hamstring injury.

[22] The following month, in a match against Derby Breton rivals Brest, Marveaux aggravated a groin injury that had been plaguing him during the campaign.

[23][24] On 18 June 2011, Marveaux agreed and signed a five-year deal with Premier League club Newcastle United.

[26] He made his first competitive start in the Football League Cup second round in an away win at Scunthorpe United playing the full 120 minutes that included extra time.

[30] He scored his first ever Premier League goal in the Magpies' fixture at Emirates Stadium against Arsenal on 29 December 2012, which Newcastle lost 7–3.

[32] Marveaux made his competitive debut as a 69th-minute substitute for Christophe Mandanne in the Trophée des Champions on 2 August, which his team lost 0–2 against Paris Saint-Germain at the Workers Stadium in Beijing.