Tōdōza

The Tōdōza (当道座) was a Japanese guild for blind men, established in the 14th century by the biwa hōshi Akashi Kakuichi (明石覚一).

It received the patronage of the Muromachi and Edo shogunates, and remained active until the Meiji restoration, being eventually disbanded in 1871.

The primary ranks, known as mōkan (盲官, blind officers), were Kengyō (検校) (the highest), then Bettō (別当), Kōtō (勾当), and Zatō (座頭);[2] these were further subdivided into a total of 73 distinct grades.

The Tōdōza accepted only male members; a separate organization, the Gozeza (瞽女座), existed for blind women.

There was additionally a further guild, the Mōsōza (盲僧座), similar to the Tōdōza but active mostly in the western regions of Japan.