TFT LCD
In 1971, Lechner, F. J. Marlowe, E. O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated a 2-by-18 matrix display driven by a hybrid circuit using the dynamic scattering mode of LCDs.
To avoid this issue, the pixels are addressed in rows and columns, reducing the connection count from millions down to thousands.
The one-way current passing characteristic of the transistor prevents the charge that is being applied to each pixel from being drained between refreshes to a display's image.
[11] Transistors take up only a small fraction of the area of each pixel and the rest of the silicon film is etched away to allow light to easily pass through it.
Instead, these panels display interpolated 24-bit color using a dithering method that combines adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade.
[13] FRC tends to be most noticeable in darker tones, while dithering appears to make the individual pixels of the LCD visible.
It is common for older displays to range from 10% to 26% of the NTSC color gamut, whereas other kind of displays, utilizing more complicated CCFL or LED phosphor formulations or RGB LED backlights, may extend past 100% of the NTSC color gamut, a difference that is easily seen by the human eye.
The transmittance of a pixel of an LCD panel typically does not change linearly with the applied voltage,[14] and the sRGB standard for computer monitors requires a specific nonlinear dependence of the amount of emitted light as a function of the RGB value.
This change reduces the amount of light scattering in the matrix, which gives IPS its characteristic wide viewing angles and good color reproduction.
[17] Initial iterations of IPS technology were characterised by slow response time and a low contrast ratio but later revisions have made marked improvements to these shortcomings.
Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut, which also enhances white/grey reproduction.
AFFS is developed by Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force).
[citation needed] It achieved pixel response which was fast for its time, wide viewing angles, and high contrast at the cost of brightness and color reproduction.
[citation needed] Modern MVA panels can offer wide viewing angles (second only to S-IPS technology), good black depth, good color reproduction and depth, and fast response times due to the use of RTC (Response Time Compensation) technologies.
[citation needed] There are several "next-generation" technologies based on MVA, including AU Optronics' P-MVA and AMVA, as well as Chi Mei Optoelectronics' S-MVA.
[citation needed] Advanced super view, also called axially symmetric vertical alignment was developed by Sharp.
When the field is on, the liquid crystal molecules start to tilt towards the center of the sub-pixels because of the electric field; as a result, a continuous pinwheel alignment (CPA) is formed; the azimuthal angle rotates 360 degrees continuously resulting in an excellent viewing angle.
[24] A technology developed by Samsung is Super PLS, which bears similarities to IPS panels, has wider viewing angles, better image quality, increased brightness, and lower production costs.
In a laptop the graphics chip will directly produce a signal suitable for connection to the built-in TFT display.
[citation needed] Backlight intensity is usually controlled by varying a few volts DC, or generating a PWM signal, or adjusting a potentiometer or simply fixed.
